Suspicious .NET Reflection via PowerShell

  1[metadata]
  2creation_date = "2021/10/15"
  3integration = ["windows"]
  4maturity = "production"
  5updated_date = "2025/03/20"
  6
  7[transform]
  8[[transform.osquery]]
  9label = "Osquery - Retrieve DNS Cache"
 10query = "SELECT * FROM dns_cache"
 11
 12[[transform.osquery]]
 13label = "Osquery - Retrieve All Services"
 14query = "SELECT description, display_name, name, path, pid, service_type, start_type, status, user_account FROM services"
 15
 16[[transform.osquery]]
 17label = "Osquery - Retrieve Services Running on User Accounts"
 18query = """
 19SELECT description, display_name, name, path, pid, service_type, start_type, status, user_account FROM services WHERE
 20NOT (user_account LIKE '%LocalSystem' OR user_account LIKE '%LocalService' OR user_account LIKE '%NetworkService' OR
 21user_account == null)
 22"""
 23
 24[[transform.osquery]]
 25label = "Osquery - Retrieve Service Unsigned Executables with Virustotal Link"
 26query = """
 27SELECT concat('https://www.virustotal.com/gui/file/', sha1) AS VtLink, name, description, start_type, status, pid,
 28services.path FROM services JOIN authenticode ON services.path = authenticode.path OR services.module_path =
 29authenticode.path JOIN hash ON services.path = hash.path WHERE authenticode.result != 'trusted'
 30"""
 31
 32
 33[rule]
 34author = ["Elastic"]
 35description = """
 36Detects the use of Reflection.Assembly to load PEs and DLLs in memory in PowerShell scripts. Attackers use this method
 37to load executables and DLLs without writing to the disk, bypassing security solutions.
 38"""
 39from = "now-9m"
 40index = ["winlogbeat-*", "logs-windows.powershell*"]
 41language = "kuery"
 42license = "Elastic License v2"
 43name = "Suspicious .NET Reflection via PowerShell"
 44note = """## Triage and analysis
 45
 46### Investigating Suspicious .NET Reflection via PowerShell
 47
 48PowerShell is one of the main tools system administrators use for automation, report routines, and other tasks. This makes it available for use in various environments, and creates an attractive way for attackers to execute code.
 49
 50Attackers can use .NET reflection to load PEs and DLLs in memory. These payloads are commonly embedded in the script, which can circumvent file-based security protections.
 51
 52> **Note**:
 53> This investigation guide uses the [Osquery Markdown Plugin](https://www.elastic.co/guide/en/security/current/invest-guide-run-osquery.html) introduced in Elastic Stack version 8.5.0. Older Elastic Stack versions will display unrendered Markdown in this guide.
 54
 55#### Possible investigation steps
 56
 57- Examine the script content that triggered the detection; look for suspicious DLL imports, collection or exfiltration capabilities, suspicious functions, encoded or compressed data, and other potentially malicious characteristics.
 58- Investigate the script execution chain (parent process tree) for unknown processes. Examine their executable files for prevalence, whether they are located in expected locations, and if they are signed with valid digital signatures.
 59- Examine file or network events from the involved PowerShell process for suspicious behavior.
 60- Investigate other alerts associated with the user/host during the past 48 hours.
 61- Evaluate whether the user needs to use PowerShell to complete tasks.
 62- Examine the host for derived artifacts that indicate suspicious activities:
 63  - Analyze the script using a private sandboxed analysis system.
 64  - Observe and collect information about the following activities in both the sandbox and the alert subject host:
 65    - Attempts to contact external domains and addresses.
 66      - Use the Elastic Defend network events to determine domains and addresses contacted by the subject process by filtering by the process' `process.entity_id`.
 67      - Examine the DNS cache for suspicious or anomalous entries.
 68        - $osquery_0
 69    - Use the Elastic Defend registry events to examine registry keys accessed, modified, or created by the related processes in the process tree.
 70    - Examine the host services for suspicious or anomalous entries.
 71      - $osquery_1
 72      - $osquery_2
 73      - $osquery_3
 74  - Retrieve the files' SHA-256 hash values using the PowerShell `Get-FileHash` cmdlet and search for the existence and reputation of the hashes in resources like VirusTotal, Hybrid-Analysis, CISCO Talos, Any.run, etc.
 75- Investigate potentially compromised accounts. Analysts can do this by searching for login events (for example, 4624) to the target host after the registry modification.
 76
 77### False positive analysis
 78
 79- This activity is unlikely to happen legitimately outside engineering or IT business units. As long as the analyst did not identify malware or suspicious activity related to the user or host, this alert can be dismissed.
 80
 81### Related rules
 82
 83- PowerShell PSReflect Script - 56f2e9b5-4803-4e44-a0a4-a52dc79d57fe
 84- Potential Process Injection via PowerShell - 2e29e96a-b67c-455a-afe4-de6183431d0d
 85- PowerShell Suspicious Payload Encoded and Compressed - 81fe9dc6-a2d7-4192-a2d8-eed98afc766a
 86
 87### Response and remediation
 88
 89- Initiate the incident response process based on the outcome of the triage.
 90- Isolate the involved hosts to prevent further post-compromise behavior.
 91- If the triage identified malware, search the environment for additional compromised hosts.
 92  - Implement temporary network rules, procedures, and segmentation to contain the malware.
 93  - Stop suspicious processes.
 94  - Immediately block the identified indicators of compromise (IoCs).
 95  - Inspect the affected systems for additional malware backdoors like reverse shells, reverse proxies, or droppers that attackers could use to reinfect the system.
 96- Remove and block malicious artifacts identified during triage.
 97- Investigate credential exposure on systems compromised or used by the attacker to ensure all compromised accounts are identified. Reset passwords for these accounts and other potentially compromised credentials, such as email, business systems, and web services.
 98- Restrict PowerShell usage outside of IT and engineering business units using GPOs, AppLocker, Intune, or similar software.
 99- Run a full antimalware scan. This may reveal additional artifacts left in the system, persistence mechanisms, and malware components.
100- Determine the initial vector abused by the attacker and take action to prevent reinfection through the same vector.
101- Using the incident response data, update logging and audit policies to improve the mean time to detect (MTTD) and the mean time to respond (MTTR).
102"""
103references = ["https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/dotnet/api/system.reflection.assembly.load"]
104risk_score = 47
105rule_id = "e26f042e-c590-4e82-8e05-41e81bd822ad"
106setup = """## Setup
107
108The 'PowerShell Script Block Logging' logging policy must be enabled.
109Steps to implement the logging policy with Advanced Audit Configuration:

1
2Steps to implement the logging policy via registry:

 1"""
 2severity = "medium"
 3tags = [
 4    "Domain: Endpoint",
 5    "OS: Windows",
 6    "Use Case: Threat Detection",
 7    "Tactic: Defense Evasion",
 8    "Tactic: Execution",
 9    "Resources: Investigation Guide",
10    "Data Source: PowerShell Logs",
11]
12timestamp_override = "event.ingested"
13type = "query"
14
15query = '''
16event.category:process and host.os.type:windows and
17  powershell.file.script_block_text : (
18    "[System.Reflection.Assembly]::Load" or
19    "[Reflection.Assembly]::Load" or
20    "Assembly.Load("
21  ) and
22  not powershell.file.script_block_text : (
23        ("CommonWorkflowParameters" or "RelatedLinksHelpInfo") and
24        "HelpDisplayStrings"
25  ) and
26  not (powershell.file.script_block_text :
27        ("Get-SolutionFiles" or "Get-VisualStudio" or "Select-MSBuildPath") and
28        file.name : "PathFunctions.ps1"
29  ) and
30  not powershell.file.script_block_text : (
31        "Microsoft.PowerShell.Workflow.ServiceCore" and "ExtractPluginProperties([string]$pluginDir"
32  ) and 
33  
34  not powershell.file.script_block_text : ("reflection.assembly]::Load('System." or "LoadWithPartialName('Microsoft." or "::Load(\"Microsoft." or "Microsoft.Build.Utilities.Core.dll") and 
35  
36  not user.id : "S-1-5-18"
37'''
38
39
40[[rule.filters]]
41
42[rule.filters.meta]
43negate = true
44[rule.filters.query.wildcard."file.path"]
45case_insensitive = true
46value = """
47C:\\Program Files\\Microsoft Monitoring Agent\\Agent\\Health Service State\\Monitoring Host Temporary
48Files*\\AvailabilityGroupMonitoring.ps1
49"""
50[[rule.threat]]
51framework = "MITRE ATT&CK"
52[[rule.threat.technique]]
53id = "T1055"
54name = "Process Injection"
55reference = "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1055/"
56[[rule.threat.technique.subtechnique]]
57id = "T1055.001"
58name = "Dynamic-link Library Injection"
59reference = "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1055/001/"
60
61[[rule.threat.technique.subtechnique]]
62id = "T1055.002"
63name = "Portable Executable Injection"
64reference = "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1055/002/"
65
66
67[[rule.threat.technique]]
68id = "T1620"
69name = "Reflective Code Loading"
70reference = "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1620/"
71
72
73[rule.threat.tactic]
74id = "TA0005"
75name = "Defense Evasion"
76reference = "https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0005/"
77[[rule.threat]]
78framework = "MITRE ATT&CK"
79[[rule.threat.technique]]
80id = "T1059"
81name = "Command and Scripting Interpreter"
82reference = "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/"
83[[rule.threat.technique.subtechnique]]
84id = "T1059.001"
85name = "PowerShell"
86reference = "https://attack.mitre.org/techniques/T1059/001/"
87
88
89
90[rule.threat.tactic]
91id = "TA0002"
92name = "Execution"
93reference = "https://attack.mitre.org/tactics/TA0002/"